borg [common options] create [options] ARCHIVE [PATH...]
positional arguments |
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name of archive to create (must be also a valid directory name) |
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paths to archive |
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optional arguments |
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do not create a backup archive |
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print statistics for the created archive |
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output verbose list of items (files, dirs, …) |
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only display items with the given status characters (see description) |
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output stats as JSON. Implies |
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experimental: do not synchronize the cache. Implies not using the files cache. |
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use NAME in archive for stdin data (default: ‘stdin’) |
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set user USER in archive for stdin data (default: ‘root’) |
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set group GROUP in archive for stdin data (default: ‘wheel’) |
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set mode to M in archive for stdin data (default: 0660) |
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interpret PATH as command and store its stdout. See also section Reading from stdin below. |
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read DELIM-separated list of paths to backup from stdin. All control is external: it will back up all files given - no more, no less. |
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interpret PATH as command and treat its output as |
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set path delimiter for |
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Include/Exclude options |
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exclude paths matching PATTERN |
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read exclude patterns from EXCLUDEFILE, one per line |
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include/exclude paths matching PATTERN |
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read include/exclude patterns from PATTERNFILE, one per line |
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exclude directories that contain a CACHEDIR.TAG file (http://www.bford.info/cachedir/spec.html) |
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exclude directories that are tagged by containing a filesystem object with the given NAME |
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if tag objects are specified with |
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exclude files flagged NODUMP |
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Filesystem options |
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stay in the same file system and do not store mount points of other file systems - this might behave different from your expectations, see the description below. |
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deprecated, use |
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only store numeric user and group identifiers |
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do not store atime into archive |
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do store atime into archive |
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do not store ctime into archive |
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do not store birthtime (creation date) into archive |
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deprecated, use |
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do not read and store flags (e.g. NODUMP, IMMUTABLE) into archive |
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do not read and store ACLs into archive |
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do not read and store xattrs into archive |
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detect sparse holes in input (supported only by fixed chunker) |
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operate files cache in MODE. default: ctime,size,inode |
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open and read block and char device files as well as FIFOs as if they were regular files. Also follows symlinks pointing to these kinds of files. |
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Archive options |
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add a comment text to the archive |
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manually specify the archive creation date/time (UTC, yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss format). Alternatively, give a reference file/directory. |
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write checkpoint every SECONDS seconds (Default: 1800) |
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specify the chunker parameters (ALGO, CHUNK_MIN_EXP, CHUNK_MAX_EXP, HASH_MASK_BITS, HASH_WINDOW_SIZE). default: buzhash,19,23,21,4095 |
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select compression algorithm, see the output of the “borg help compression” command for details. |
This command creates a backup archive containing all files found while recursively traversing all paths specified. Paths are added to the archive as they are given, that means if relative paths are desired, the command has to be run from the correct directory.
When giving ‘-’ as path, borg will read data from standard input and create a file ‘stdin’ in the created archive from that data. In some cases it’s more appropriate to use --content-from-command, however. See section Reading from stdin below for details.
The archive will consume almost no disk space for files or parts of files that have already been stored in other archives.
The archive name needs to be unique. It must not end in ‘.checkpoint’ or ‘.checkpoint.N’ (with N being a number), because these names are used for checkpoints and treated in special ways.
In the archive name, you may use the following placeholders: {now}, {utcnow}, {fqdn}, {hostname}, {user} and some others.
Backup speed is increased by not reprocessing files that are already part of existing archives and weren’t modified. The detection of unmodified files is done by comparing multiple file metadata values with previous values kept in the files cache.
This comparison can operate in different modes as given by --files-cache
:
ctime,size,inode (default)
mtime,size,inode (default behaviour of borg versions older than 1.1.0rc4)
ctime,size (ignore the inode number)
mtime,size (ignore the inode number)
rechunk,ctime (all files are considered modified - rechunk, cache ctime)
rechunk,mtime (all files are considered modified - rechunk, cache mtime)
disabled (disable the files cache, all files considered modified - rechunk)
inode number: better safety, but often unstable on network filesystems
Normally, detecting file modifications will take inode information into consideration to improve the reliability of file change detection. This is problematic for files located on sshfs and similar network file systems which do not provide stable inode numbers, such files will always be considered modified. You can use modes without inode in this case to improve performance, but reliability of change detection might be reduced.
ctime vs. mtime: safety vs. speed
ctime is a rather safe way to detect changes to a file (metadata and contents) as it can not be set from userspace. But, a metadata-only change will already update the ctime, so there might be some unnecessary chunking/hashing even without content changes. Some filesystems do not support ctime (change time). E.g. doing a chown or chmod to a file will change its ctime.
mtime usually works and only updates if file contents were changed. But mtime can be arbitrarily set from userspace, e.g. to set mtime back to the same value it had before a content change happened. This can be used maliciously as well as well-meant, but in both cases mtime based cache modes can be problematic.
The mount points of filesystems or filesystem snapshots should be the same for every creation of a new archive to ensure fast operation. This is because the file cache that is used to determine changed files quickly uses absolute filenames. If this is not possible, consider creating a bind mount to a stable location.
The --progress
option shows (from left to right) Original, Compressed and Deduplicated
(O, C and D, respectively), then the Number of files (N) processed so far, followed by
the currently processed path.
When using --stats
, you will get some statistics about how much data was
added - the “This Archive” deduplicated size there is most interesting as that is
how much your repository will grow. Please note that the “All archives” stats refer to
the state after creation. Also, the --stats
and --dry-run
options are mutually
exclusive because the data is not actually compressed and deduplicated during a dry run.
For more help on include/exclude patterns, see the borg help patterns command output.
For more help on placeholders, see the borg help placeholders command output.
The --exclude
patterns are not like tar. In tar --exclude
.bundler/gems will
exclude foo/.bundler/gems. In borg it will not, you need to use --exclude
‘*/.bundler/gems’ to get the same effect.
In addition to using --exclude
patterns, it is possible to use
--exclude-if-present
to specify the name of a filesystem object (e.g. a file
or folder name) which, when contained within another folder, will prevent the
containing folder from being backed up. By default, the containing folder and
all of its contents will be omitted from the backup. If, however, you wish to
only include the objects specified by --exclude-if-present
in your backup,
and not include any other contents of the containing folder, this can be enabled
through using the --keep-exclude-tags
option.
The -x
or --one-file-system
option excludes directories, that are mountpoints (and everything in them).
It detects mountpoints by comparing the device number from the output of stat()
of the directory and its
parent directory. Specifically, it excludes directories for which stat()
reports a device number different
from the device number of their parent.
In general: be aware that there are directories with device number different from their parent, which the kernel
does not consider a mountpoint and also the other way around.
Linux examples for this are bind mounts (possibly same device number, but always a mountpoint) and ALL
subvolumes of a btrfs (different device number from parent but not necessarily a mountpoint).
macOS examples are the apfs mounts of a typical macOS installation.
Therefore, when using --one-file-system
, you should double-check that the backup works as intended.
--list
outputs a list of all files, directories and other
file system items it considered (no matter whether they had content changes
or not). For each item, it prefixes a single-letter flag that indicates type
and/or status of the item.
If you are interested only in a subset of that output, you can give e.g.
--filter=AME
and it will only show regular files with A, M or E status (see
below).
A uppercase character represents the status of a regular file relative to the “files” cache (not relative to the repo -- this is an issue if the files cache is not used). Metadata is stored in any case and for ‘A’ and ‘M’ also new data chunks are stored. For ‘U’ all data chunks refer to already existing chunks.
‘A’ = regular file, added (see also I am seeing ‘A’ (added) status for an unchanged file!? in the FAQ)
‘M’ = regular file, modified
‘U’ = regular file, unchanged
‘C’ = regular file, it changed while we backed it up
‘E’ = regular file, an error happened while accessing/reading this file
A lowercase character means a file type other than a regular file, borg usually just stores their metadata:
‘d’ = directory
‘b’ = block device
‘c’ = char device
‘h’ = regular file, hardlink (to already seen inodes)
‘s’ = symlink
‘f’ = fifo
Other flags used include:
‘i’ = backup data was read from standard input (stdin)
‘-’ = dry run, item was not backed up
‘x’ = excluded, item was not backed up
‘?’ = missing status code (if you see this, please file a bug report!)
There are two methods to read from stdin. Either specify -
as path and
pipe directly to borg:
backup-vm --id myvm --stdout | borg create REPO::ARCHIVE -
Or use --content-from-command
to have Borg manage the execution of the
command and piping. If you do so, the first PATH argument is interpreted
as command to execute and any further arguments are treated as arguments
to the command:
borg create --content-from-command REPO::ARCHIVE -- backup-vm --id myvm --stdout
--
is used to ensure --id
and --stdout
are not considered
arguments to borg
but rather backup-vm
.
The difference between the two approaches is that piping to borg creates an
archive even if the command piping to borg exits with a failure. In this case,
one can end up with truncated output being backed up. Using
--content-from-command
, in contrast, borg is guaranteed to fail without
creating an archive should the command fail. The command is considered failed
when it returned a non-zero exit code.
Reading from stdin yields just a stream of data without file metadata
associated with it, and the files cache is not needed at all. So it is
safe to disable it via --files-cache disabled
and speed up backup
creation a bit.
By default, the content read from stdin is stored in a file called ‘stdin’.
Use --stdin-name
to change the name.
# Backup ~/Documents into an archive named "my-documents"
$ borg create /path/to/repo::my-documents ~/Documents
# same, but list all files as we process them
$ borg create --list /path/to/repo::my-documents ~/Documents
# Backup ~/Documents and ~/src but exclude pyc files
$ borg create /path/to/repo::my-files \
~/Documents \
~/src \
--exclude '*.pyc'
# Backup home directories excluding image thumbnails (i.e. only
# /home/<one directory>/.thumbnails is excluded, not /home/*/*/.thumbnails etc.)
$ borg create /path/to/repo::my-files /home \
--exclude 'sh:home/*/.thumbnails'
# Backup the root filesystem into an archive named "root-YYYY-MM-DD"
# use zlib compression (good, but slow) - default is lz4 (fast, low compression ratio)
$ borg create -C zlib,6 --one-file-system /path/to/repo::root-{now:%Y-%m-%d} /
# Backup onto a remote host ("push" style) via ssh to port 2222,
# logging in as user "borg" and storing into /path/to/repo
$ borg create ssh://borg@backup.example.org:2222/path/to/repo::{fqdn}-root-{now} /
# Backup a remote host locally ("pull" style) using sshfs
$ mkdir sshfs-mount
$ sshfs root@example.com:/ sshfs-mount
$ cd sshfs-mount
$ borg create /path/to/repo::example.com-root-{now:%Y-%m-%d} .
$ cd ..
$ fusermount -u sshfs-mount
# Make a big effort in fine granular deduplication (big chunk management
# overhead, needs a lot of RAM and disk space, see formula in internals
# docs - same parameters as borg < 1.0 or attic):
$ borg create --chunker-params buzhash,10,23,16,4095 /path/to/repo::small /smallstuff
# Backup a raw device (must not be active/in use/mounted at that time)
$ borg create --read-special --chunker-params fixed,4194304 /path/to/repo::my-sdx /dev/sdX
# Backup a sparse disk image (must not be active/in use/mounted at that time)
$ borg create --sparse --chunker-params fixed,4194304 /path/to/repo::my-disk my-disk.raw
# No compression (none)
$ borg create --compression none /path/to/repo::arch ~
# Super fast, low compression (lz4, default)
$ borg create /path/to/repo::arch ~
# Less fast, higher compression (zlib, N = 0..9)
$ borg create --compression zlib,N /path/to/repo::arch ~
# Even slower, even higher compression (lzma, N = 0..9)
$ borg create --compression lzma,N /path/to/repo::arch ~
# Only compress compressible data with lzma,N (N = 0..9)
$ borg create --compression auto,lzma,N /path/to/repo::arch ~
# Use short hostname, user name and current time in archive name
$ borg create /path/to/repo::{hostname}-{user}-{now} ~
# Similar, use the same datetime format that is default as of borg 1.1
$ borg create /path/to/repo::{hostname}-{user}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S} ~
# As above, but add nanoseconds
$ borg create /path/to/repo::{hostname}-{user}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f} ~
# Backing up relative paths by moving into the correct directory first
$ cd /home/user/Documents
# The root directory of the archive will be "projectA"
$ borg create /path/to/repo::daily-projectA-{now:%Y-%m-%d} projectA
# Use external command to determine files to archive
# Use --paths-from-stdin with find to only backup files less than 1MB in size
$ find ~ -size -1000k | borg create --paths-from-stdin /path/to/repo::small-files-only
# Use --paths-from-command with find to only backup files from a given user
$ borg create --paths-from-command /path/to/repo::joes-files -- find /srv/samba/shared -user joe
# Use --paths-from-stdin with --paths-delimiter (for example, for filenames with newlines in them)
$ find ~ -size -1000k -print0 | borg create \
--paths-from-stdin \
--paths-delimiter "\0" \
/path/to/repo::smallfiles-handle-newline